Ginko Biloba: 14 Impresivnih Koristi Za Zdravje, Odmerjanje In Neželeni Učinki

2024 Avtor: Cecilia Ryder | [email protected]. Nazadnje spremenjeno: 2023-12-17 14:23

Ginko biloba je zdravilno zelišče, ki izvira iz Kitajske. Izvleček ginka bilobe se že stoletja uporablja v tradicionalnem kitajskem zeliščarstvu. Dodatki ginka so bogati s terapevtskimi vrednostmi in so povezani s številnimi koristmi za zdravje. Zelišče ima več protivnetnih in antioksidativnih lastnosti, ki bi lahko pomagale pri zdravljenju različnih bolezni. Zelišče lahko zmanjša simptome psihiatričnih motenj, kot sta Alzheimerjeva bolezen in demenca, zdravi tesnobo, se bori proti vnetjem in podpira zdravje oči.

V tem članku smo podrobno obravnavali koristi ginko bilobe za zdravje, skupaj z njenimi možnimi neželenimi učinki. Nadaljujte z branjem.

Kazalo

• Kakšne so prednosti ginko bilobe?
• Odmerjanje in oblike ginka bilobe
• Kakšni so stranski učinki ginko bilobe?
• Tveganja

Kakšne so prednosti ginko bilobe?

1. Lahko zmanjša simptome psihiatričnih motenj

Ginko lahko pomaga zmanjšati simptome psihiatričnih motenj, kot sta Alzheimerjeva bolezen in demenca (1). Študija, ki jo je izvedla Pekinška univerza kitajske medicine, je pokazala, da lahko ekstrakt ginka poveča funkcionalne sposobnosti tistih z Alzheimerjevo boleznijo, kadar se uporablja skupaj s konvencionalno medicino (2).

Druga študija je pokazala, da je ekstrakt ginka učinkovit pri zdravljenju simptomov, povezanih z demenco (3). Nekateri anekdotični dokazi kažejo, da lahko ginko izboljša tudi pretok krvi v možgane (4). Druga študija, ki jo je izvedla Free University Berlin, je pokazala, da lahko ekstrakt ginka izboljša stanje bolnikov z demenco (5). Epilepsija je pogost vzrok za resne kognitivne motnje. Ena študija na podganah je izjavila, da lahko ekstrakt ginka izboljša kognitivne funkcije, učenje in spomin (6).

2. Lahko pomaga pri zdravljenju tesnobe

Izvleček ginko bilobe lahko zmanjša simptome tesnobe in stresa. Izvleček se je uporabljal v tradicionalnem kitajskem zeliščarstvu za zdravljenje nevrodegenerativnih motenj (7). Študije na živalih navajajo, da lahko vsebnost antioksidantov v ekstraktu ginko bilobe pomaga zmanjšati simptome tesnobe in druge kognitivne motnje (8), (9).

V eni študiji je skupina 107 ljudi, zdravljenih z visokim odmerkom ginka, poročala o zmanjšanju simptomov tesnobe (10). Vendar pa so potrebne dodatne raziskave, da bi še bolje razumeli to korist ginko bilobe.

3. maj se bori proti vnetju

Ginko lahko zmanjša vnetje, ki ga povzročajo različna stanja. Študija, ki jo je izvedla Nacionalna tajvanska univerza, je pokazala, da lahko ekstrakt ginko bilobe zmanjša markerje vnetja v živalskih in človeških celicah (11), (12), (13). Obstajajo tudi druga vnetna stanja, ekstrakt ginka lahko pomaga pri zdravljenju. Tej vključujejo:

• Artritis: Študija, izvedena na podganah, je pokazala, da lahko ekstrakt ginka pomaga lajšati artritis (14).
• Možganska kap: ekstrakt ginko bilobe je predlagan bolnikom z akutno ishemično možgansko kapjo (nenadna izguba krvnega obtoka na območju možganov). Zel naj bi imel nevroprotektivne lastnosti, ki pomagajo izboljšati kognitivne funkcije pri bolnikih (15).
• Razdražljiva črevesna bolezen (IBD): Študija, ki jo je izvedla univerza v Kairu, je pokazala, da bi lahko kurkumin in ginko bila učinkovita pri preprečevanju in zdravljenju KVČB (16).

Potrebno je več človeških študij, da bi razumeli vlogo ekstrakta ginka pri zdravljenju različnih bolezni.

4. Lahko podpira zdravje oči

Nekatere zgodnje raziskave navajajo, da lahko dodajanje ginka poveča pretok krvi v oči. To je lahko potencialno zdravljenje glavkoma. Vendar v zvezi s tem ni dokončnih dokazov (17). Majhna študija, ki jo je izvedla Londonska šola za higieno in tropsko medicino, je pokazala, da lahko ekstrakt ginka ugodno vpliva na vid. Nadaljnji preizkusi so upravičeni (18).

Izvleček ginko bilobe ima tudi potencial za zdravljenje glavkoma z normalno napetostjo (19). Potrebnih je več raziskav, da bi ugotovili, ali je ginko resnično učinkovit pri spodbujanju zdravja vida.

5. Lahko izboljša zdravje srca

Ginko lahko poveča pretok krvi s spodbujanjem širjenja krvnih žil. Uporabljali so ga za zdravljenje težav, povezanih s slabim krvnim obtokom. Ginko ima sposobnost povečati pretok krvi v različne dele telesa.

Izvleček ginko bilobe (GBE) je obetavno terapevtsko sredstvo za bolezni srca in ožilja ter ishemične bolezni. Spodbuja zdravje žil (krvnih žil) (20). Študija, ki jo je opravila Druga bolnišnica Medicinske univerze Hebei, je pokazala, da ekstrakt ginka izboljša koronarno cirkulacijo pri bolnikih s koronarno arterijsko boleznijo (21). Enak učinek je pokazal tudi pri starejših (22). Ta izvleček ima zaščitne učinke na zdravje srca. Pomaga lahko tudi pri zdravljenju nevroloških in kardio-cerebrovaskularnih motenj (23), (24), (25).

Izvleček ginka je lahko koristen pri zdravljenju diabetične poškodbe miokarda (težave, povezane s srčnimi membranami) (26).

6. Lahko izboljša možgansko funkcijo

Ginkgo je bil večkrat ovrednoten zaradi njegove sposobnosti zmanjšanja tesnobe, stresa in drugih simptomov, povezanih z Alzheimerjevo boleznijo in starostnim upadom kognitivnih sposobnosti. Študija, ki jo je opravil Oddelek za zdravstvene vede na univerzi Liberty, je pokazala, da lahko dodajanje ekstrakta ginka poveča mentalno zmogljivost (27).

Druga študija, ki jo je izvedla univerza v Münchnu, je pokazala, da zelišče izboljša duševno delovanje pri zdravih prostovoljcih (28). Nepričakovani dokazi kažejo, da ima ginko lahko pomembno vlogo pri izboljšanju pretoka krvi v možganih.

7. Lahko pomaga pri depresiji

Izvleček ginka ima protivnetne lastnosti, ki lahko pomagajo pri zdravljenju depresije. Študija je pokazala, da lahko dodajanje ekstrakta ginka pomaga pri zdravljenju simptomov depresije (29). Vendar je glede tega treba opraviti več raziskav.

8. Lahko zdravi glavobol in migrene

Ginko biloba lahko zmanjša vnetje in potencialno poveča pretok krvi v možgane. Zdravi lahko nekatere vrste glavobola in migrene. Zelišča, ki se borijo proti vnetjem, so v tradicionalni kitajski medicini zelo priljubljena kot zdravljenje migrene in glavobola (30). Vendar je v podporo tej trditvi malo raziskav.

Študija obravnava ginkolid B, rastlinsko sestavino, pridobljeno iz drevesnih listov ginko bilobe. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da sestavina pomaga pri preprečevanju migrene in glavobola v mladosti (31). Druga študija je pokazala, da se ginkolid B lahko uporablja za zmanjšanje resnosti in pogostosti migrene z auro (migrene s spremembami vida) (32).

9. Lahko izboljša simptome astme in KOPB

The anti-inflammatory properties of ginkgo biloba extract may treat symptoms associated with respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A study conducted by Jilin University found that the anti-inflammatory compounds available in ginkgo may reduce inflammation in the airways (33). In another study, asthma patients treated with ginkgo extract showed better improvement in their condition compared to patients who received conventional medication alone (34).

In another study, a group of 100 COPD patients over 50 years of age who consumed a mixture of Chinese herbs (including ginkgo) reported a reduction in bronchitis and cough (35).

10. May Reduce PMS Symptoms

Ginkgo biloba may help reduce PMS symptoms. A study found a reduction of PMS symptoms by 23% after consuming ginkgo extract (36). Further information on the safety of the herb in this regard is needed.

Ginkgolide B has also been associated with a reduction in PMS symptoms (37).

11. May Treat Sexual Dysfunction

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) may facilitate blood flow and influence nitric oxide systems, and has a relaxant effect on smooth muscle tissue. These processes are important for sexual response in women. GBE may have the potential to boost sexual health in women (38).

A study found that ginkgo extract has the ability to improve blood levels of nitric oxide (39). This may help improve women’s sexual function too. However, we need more research to further understand this mechanism of ginkgo.

12. May Help Reduce Obesity

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) may help reduce obesity. One rat study stated that ginkgo biloba extract could be efficient in preventing and treating obesity-induced insulin signaling impairment (40). GBE may improve insulin resistance and reduce body weight gain (41). GBE may also represent a potential alternative therapy for menopause-related obesity (42).

A study found that ginkgo biloba leaves could improve blood lipid parameters. They could be used in the treatment of dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of lipids in the blood) (43). Ginkgo biloba extract reduces oxidative stress in diet-induced obese rats (44). It could also exhibit anti-obesogenic effects in white adipose tissue of rats (45).

More long-term studies are needed to understand the anti-obesogenic effects of ginkgo extract on humans.

13. May Improve Skin Health

Ginkgo biloba is said to possess anti-aging effects too. The ginkgo leaf extract contains quercetin and kaempferol (natural plant flavonoids that act as antioxidants) that help fight free radicals. They may reduce signs of skin aging. Ginkgo also had synergistic effects with green tea on improving skin barrier function and elasticity (46).

14. May Boost Hair Growth

Ginkgo biloba has been proven to potentially help slow down hair loss. It may also promote hair growth. However, these studies have been conducted on mice alone (47).

These are the benefits of ginkgo biloba. In the following section we will look at the herb’s ideal dosage.

Dosage And Forms Of Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba is available in various forms such as liquid extracts, tablets, capsules, and dried leaves/tea. It seems to be most effective when taken in several doses throughout the day (total daily dosage being 120–240 mg). Ensure you do not take the raw form of ginkgo, as it can be poisonous.

Ginkgo may take up to 4 to 6 weeks to show any results. A common dose of 40 milligrams of extract three times daily is recommended to those with dementia. For improving cognitive function in healthy people, 120 milligrams to 600 milligrams of the extract may be used. These values are based on anecdotal evidence. Consult your doctor for more information.

Though ginkgo biloba is generally safe for use, it does have a few side effects that you need to keep in mind. Check them out in the next section.

What Are The Side Effects Of Ginkgo Biloba?

Excess intake of ginkgo biloba may cause several adverse effects. These may include allergies, headaches, stomach pain, diarrhea, dizziness, nausea, and some drug interactions.

In some cases, intake of the herb can cause serious harm. Individuals who are allergic to plants with alkylphenols, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and people with epilepsy should avoid intake. People who are on medications must consult with their doctor before taking ginkgo.

High exposure to ginkgo may increase the risk of breast and colorectal cancers in some individuals. Also, ginkgo does not seem to reduce the risk of other forms of cancer (48). Some anecdotal evidence suggests that ginkgo has the potential to interact with certain medications like blood thinners (aspirin, warfarin) and antidepressants.

Ginkgo biloba may also have other risks associated with it.

Risks

Ginkgo is generally considered safe for healthy people when used in limited amounts for up to six months. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn’t regulate ginkgo supplements or most other drugs that contain the herb (49).

Some anecdotal evidence suggests that ginkgo may lower blood sugar levels. Hence, use with caution if you have diabetes.

Eating raw or roasted ginkgo seeds may be poisonous and may lead to adverse effects. Research is limited here, though.

Conclusion

Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest plant species on the planet. It is said to possess several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that offer health benefits. The herb helps reduce symptoms of psychiatric disorders, treats anxiety, and fights inflammation. However, excess intake of ginkgo extract may lead to several adverse effects. Most of the research related to this herbal extract is still ongoing. Consult your doctor before including this herb into your routine.

Expert’s Answers For Readers’ Questions

Should I take ginkgo at night?

Ginkgo can stimulate your brain and keep you awake the whole night. Do not take it before sleep.

Does Ginkgo biloba cause liver damage?

Ginkgo has not been linked to liver damage. In fact, it is sometimes used to treat certain liver ailments (50).

Does Ginkgo biloba raise blood pressure?

Ni raziskav, da bi ginko lahko zvišal krvni tlak. Čeprav ima ginko vazodilatacijske lastnosti, ni jasno, ali lahko zniža krvni tlak.

50 virov

Stylecraze ima stroge smernice za nabavo in se opira na strokovne študije, akademske raziskovalne ustanove in zdravniška združenja. Izogibamo se uporabi terciarnih referenc. Več o tem, kako zagotavljamo, da je naša vsebina natančna in aktualna, lahko preberete v naši uredniški politiki.

• Yuan, Qiuju, et al. "Učinki ginko bilobe na demenco: pregled sistematičnih pregledov." Časopis za etnofarmakologijo, Elsevier, 7. december 2016.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116322590.

• Yang G, Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang K, Liu J. Ginkgo Biloba for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(5):520‐528.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26268332/

• Savaskan E, Mueller H, Hoerr R, von Gunten A, Gauthier S. Treatment effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on the spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018;30(3):285‐293.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28931444/

• Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA. 1997;278(16):1327‐1332.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9343463/

• Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Hörr R. Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996;29(2):47‐56.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8741021/

• Chen Y, Feng Z, Shen M, et al. Insight into Ginkgo biloba L. Extract on the Improved Spatial Learning and Memory by Chemogenomics Knowledgebase, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Bioassay Validations. ACS Omega. 2020;5(5):2428‐2439. Published 2020 Jan 28.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32064403/

• Ekici-Günay, Nahide. “Ginkgo Biloba Extract as an Antioxidant in Nerve Regeneration.” Pathology, Academic Press, 1 May 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128159729000238.

• Savage K, Firth J, Stough C, Sarris J. GABA-modulating phytomedicines for anxiety: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Phytother Res. 2018;32(1):3‐18.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168225/

• Montes P, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Rojas C, Rojas P. Ginkgo biloba Extract 761: A Review of Basic Studies and Potential Clinical Use in Psychiatric Disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;14(1):132‐149.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25642989/

• Woelk H, Arnoldt KH, Kieser M, Hoerr R. Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in generalized anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder with anxious mood: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41(6):472‐480.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16808927/

• Chen YJ, Tsai KS, Chiu CY, et al. EGb761 inhibits inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes and shows chondroprotection in osteoarthritic rat knee. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(7):1032‐1038.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23483610/

• Kotakadi, Venkata S et al. “Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 has anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorates colitis in mice by driving effector T cell apoptosis.” Carcinogenesis vol. 29,9 (2008): 1799-806.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527648/

• Zuo, Wei et al. “Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases.” Aging and disease vol. 8,6 812-826. 1 Dec. 2017.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5758353/

• LIU, Ji-xin, and Yan-feng YANG. “Therapeutic effects of ginkgo biloba extracts on adjuvant arthritis in rats and the mechanism [J].” Chinese Journal of New Drugs 8 (2012).

  www.researchgate.net/publication/291678498_Therapeutic_effects_of_ginkgo_biloba_extracts_on_adjuvant_arthritis_in_rats_and_the_mechanism

• Chong PZ, Ng HY, Tai JT, Lee SWH. Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo biloba in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Chin Med. 2020;48(3):513‐534.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32349519/

• Motawi TK, Rizk SM, Shehata AH. Effects of curcumin and Ginkgo biloba on matrix metalloproteinases gene expression and other biomarkers of inflammatory bowel disease. J Physiol Biochem. 2012;68(4):529‐539.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22535283/

• Kang JM, Lin S. Ginkgo biloba and its potential role in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29(2):116‐120.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29206653/

• Evans JR. Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(1):CD001775. Published 2013 Jan 31.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23440785/

• Labkovich M, Jacobs EB, Bhargava S, Pasquale LR, Ritch R. Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Ophthalmic and Systemic Disease, With a Focus on Normal-Tension Glaucoma [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 10]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2020;10.1097/APO.0000000000000279.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32282348/

• Tian J, Liu Y, Chen K. Ginkgo biloba Extract in Vascular Protection: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2017;15(6):532‐548.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28707602/

• Wu YZ, Li SQ, Zu XG, Du J, Wang FF. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary artery circulation in patients with coronary artery disease: contribution of plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Phytother Res. 2008;22(6):734‐739.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446847/

• Wu Y, Li S, Cui W, Zu X, Du J, Wang F. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary blood flow in healthy elderly adults: role of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(3):164‐169.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258419/

• Yang Y, Li Y, Wang J, et al. Systematic Investigation of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves for Treating Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases in an Animal Model. ACS Chem Biol. 2017;12(5):1363‐1372.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28333443/

• Nabavi SM, Habtemariam S, Daglia M, et al. Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgolide B Against Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Literature. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(21):2222‐2232.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26059355/

• Nash, Kevin M, and Zahoor A Shah. “Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Role of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological and Cerebrovascular Disorders.” Integrative medicine insights vol. 10 1-9. 9 Nov. 2015.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640423/

• Tian, Jinfan et al. “Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract Protects against Myocardial Injury via Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic ApoE-/- Mice.” Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity vol. 2018 2370617. 25 Feb. 2018.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5845491/

• Mix JA, Crews WD Jr. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(6):267‐277.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12404671/

• Cieza A, Maier P, Pöppel E. Effects of Ginkgo biloba on mental functioning in healthy volunteers. Arch Med Res. 2003;34(5):373‐381.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14602503/

• Montes P, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Rojas C, Rojas P. Ginkgo biloba Extract 761: A Review of Basic Studies and Potential Clinical Use in Psychiatric Disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;14(1):132‐149.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25642989/

• Chang YY, Tsai YT, Lai JN, Yeh CH, Lin SK. The traditional Chinese medicine prescription patterns for migraine patients in Taiwan: a population-based study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(3):1209‐1217.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24389028/

• Usai, Susanna et al. “Gingkolide B as migraine preventive treatment in young age: results at 1-year follow-up.” Neurological sciences: official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology vol. 32 Suppl 1,Suppl 1 (2011): S197-9.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084934/

• D’Andrea G, Bussone G, Allais G, et al. Efficacy of Ginkgolide B in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura. Neurol Sci. 2009;30 Suppl 1:S121‐S124.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19415441/

• Chu X, Ci X, He J, et al. A novel anti-inflammatory role for ginkgolide B in asthma via inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Molecules. 2011;16(9):7634‐7648. Published 2011 Sep 6.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900866/

• Tang Y, Xu Y, Xiong S, et al. The effect of Ginkgo Biloba extract on the expression of PKCalpha in the inflammatory cells and the level of IL-5 in induced sputum of asthmatic patients. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2007;27(4):375‐380.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17828490/

• Cai, Yong et al. “Effects of Lung Support Formula on respiratory symptoms among older adults: results of a three-month follow-up study in Shanghai, China.” Nutrition journal vol. 12 57. 6 May. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698174/

• Ozgoli G, Selselei EA, Mojab F, Majd HA. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba L. in treatment of premenstrual syndrome. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(8):845‐851.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19678774/

• Allais G, Castagnoli Gabellari I, Burzio C, et al. Premenstrual syndrome and migraine. Neurol Sci. 2012;33 Suppl 1:S111‐S115.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22644184/

• Meston, Cindy M et al. “Short- and long-term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual dysfunction in women.” Archives of sexual behavior vol. 37,4 (2008): 530-47.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863090/

• Wu YZ, Li SQ, Zu XG, Du J, Wang FF. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary artery circulation in patients with coronary artery disease: contribution of plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Phytother Res. 2008;22(6):734‐739.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446847/

• Banin RM, Hirata BK, Andrade IS, et al. Beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on insulin signaling cascade, dyslipidemia, and body adiposity of diet-induced obese rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2014;47(9):780‐788.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075573/

• Hirata, Bruna Kelly Sousa et al. “Ginkgo biloba extract improves insulin signaling and attenuates inflammation in retroperitoneal adipose tissue depot of obese rats.” Mediators of inflammation vol. 2015 (2015): 419106.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415619/

• Banin, Renata M et al. “Ginkgo biloba Extract (GbE) Stimulates the Hypothalamic Serotonergic System and Attenuates Obesity in Ovariectomized Rats.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 8 605. 5 Sep. 2017.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5591947/

• Fan Y, Jin X, Man C, Gong D. Does Adjuvant Treatment With Ginkgo Biloba to Statins Have Additional Benefits in Patients With Dyslipidemia?. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:659. Published 2018 Jun 22.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29988404/

• Hirata, Bruna K S et al. “Ginkgo biloba Extract Modulates the Retroperitoneal Fat Depot Proteome and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Diet-Induced Obese Rats.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 10 686. 14 Jun. 2019.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587378/

• Hirata BKS, Cruz MM, de Sá RDCC, et al. Potential Anti-obesogenic Effects of Ginkgo biloba Observed in Epididymal White Adipose Tissue of Obese Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:284. Published 2019 May 10.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31133986/

• Campos PM, Gianeti MD, Mercurio DG, Gaspar LR. Synergistic effects of green tea and ginkgo biloba extracts on the improvement of skin barrier function and elasticity. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(9):1092‐1097.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25226010/

• Kobayashi N, Suzuki R, Koide C, Suzuki T, Matsuda H, Kubo M. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1993;113(10):718‐724.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8254481/

• Mei, Nan et al. “Review of Ginkgo biloba-induced toxicity, from experimental studies to human case reports.” Journal of environmental science and health. Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews vol. 35,1 (2017): 1-28.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6373469/

• Nguyen T, Alzahrani T. Ginkgo Biloba. [Updated 2020 Feb 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541024/

• Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Ginkgo. [Updated 2018 Mar 14]

  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548847/